Light Fantastic – Flirting With Invisibility
First you see it — now you don’t. Duke researchers built a simplified version of their cloaking device out of copper rings and wires patterned onto fiberglass sheets and demonstrated that it successfully diverted microwaves. Photo David Schurig Duke University
Physicists are constructing materials that can bend light the ‘wrong’ way, an optical trick that could lead to sharper-than-ever lenses and even make objects disappear.
New York Times reports that scientists at Duke University demonstrated a working cloaking device, hiding whatever was placed inside, although it only worked for microwaves. Echoes of Captain Kirk giving the order to ‘engage cloaking device, Scotty!’ resonates through my mind.
In the experiment, a beam of microwave light split in two as it flowed around a specially designed cylinder and merged back together on the other side, effectively making the object invisible. No light waves bounced off the object, and anyone looking at it would have seen only what was behind it.
The cloak wasn’t perfect. “You’d see a darkened spot.� said David R. Smith, a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Duke. “You’d see some distortion, and you’d see some shadowing, and you would see some reflection.�
A significant limitation was that the cloak worked for only one particular ‘color’ or wavelength of microwave light, limiting its usefulness. Making a cloak that works at shorter wavelengths of visible light or one that works over a wide range of colors is an even harder task.
Even still, the demonstration displayed the ability to manipulate light through structures called ‘metamaterials.’
It could provide a possibility for military to hide vehicles or other equipment. So far, scientists have written down the underlying equations, performed computer simulations and conducted some proof-of-principle experiments like the one at Duke. They still need to determine the practical limitations of how far they can bend light to their will.
The method isn’t pure magic. Physicists are taking ordinary substances like fiberglass and copper to build metamaterials that look like mosaics of repeating tiles. The metamaterials interact with the electric and magnetic fields in light waves, manipulating a quantity known as the index of refraction to bend the light in a way that no natural material does.
“There are some things that chemistry can’t do on its own.� said John B. Pendry, a physicist at Imperial College London. “The additional design flexibility with introducing structure as well as chemistry into the equation enables you to reach properties that just haven’t been accessible before.�
When a ray of light crosses a boundary from air to water, glass or other transparent material, it bends, and the degree of bending is determined by the index of refraction.
Air has an index of 1. Water’s index of refraction is about 1.3. It’s the refraction that makes a straw in a glass of water look as tho it’s bending toward the surface and fish swimming in a pond look closer to the surface than they really are.
For visible light, transparent materials like glass, water and diamonds all have an index of 1 or higher, meaning that when the light enters, its path bends inward, closer to the perpendicular. Because the index is uniform throughout a material, the bending occurs only as the light crosses a boundary.
With metamaterials, scientists can now create indexes of refraction from 0 to 1. With the Duke cloaking device, the index varies smoothly from 0 at the inside surface of the cylinder, to 1 at the outside surface. That causes the path of light to curve not just at the boundaries, but also as it passes through the metamaterial.
Metamaterials first took center stage in a scientific spat a few years ago over a startling claim that the index of refraction could be not just less than 1, but also negative, less than 0. Light entering such a material would take a sharp turn, almost as if it had bounced off an invisible mirror as it crossed the boundary.
The refractive index depends on the response of a material to electric and magnetic fields. Typically within a material, electrons flow in a way to minimize the effects of an external electric field, producing an internal electrical field in the opposite direction. But that’s not universally true. For some metals like silver, an oscillating electric field induces a field in the same, not opposite, direction.
Victor G. Veselago, a Russian physicist, realized in the 1960s that if it were possible to find a material that responded in a contrarian way not just to electric fields and but also magnetic fields, a result would be a negative index of refraction.
Dr. Pendry was among the first to create metamaterials in the late ’90s, building a structure of thin wires that responded to electrical fields in a way opposite most materials, and another that reacted similarly to magnetic fields.
Dr. Smith met Dr. Pendry at a conference in 1999. He and his colleagues built the first metamaterial to combine electric and magnetic behavior.
The journal Physical Review Letters rejected his scientific paper describing the experiment, considering it simplistic and uninteresting. Dr. Smith then came upon Dr. Veselago’s work on negative refraction and the larger implications of the experiment. “We had it, but we didn’t realize it.� said Dr. Smith. “Then I rewrote the abstract, and it was accepted.�
That set off debates over several years between researchers who made and measured negative-refraction metamaterials and those who said that the experiments showed nothing of the sort, that negative refraction was at best an illusion and violated the laws of physics.
Part of the difficulty in resolving the controversy was that the negative refraction experiments were at microwave wavelengths. Designing metamaterials for shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies like visible light is more difficult, because fewer materials are transparent at the higher frequencies.
This year, researchers at the Ames Laboratory in Iowa and Karlsruhe University in Germany reported making a metamaterial that had a negative index of refraction for a visible wavelength.
Some critics remain unconvinced. Nicolás GarcÃa of the Spanish National Research Council still calls Dr. Pendry’s statements on negative refraction “propaganda.â€? But today, most physicists accept the negative refraction interpretation.
The debate did highlight limits of metamaterials. They are dispersive, meaning the angle of refraction depends very sensitively on the frequency of light, and they are lossy, meaning that they absorb energy from the light as it passes through.
Dr. Pendry has proposed that negative refraction materials can be used to make a “superlens� because they sidestep a process called diffraction that blurs images taken via conventional optics.
Researchers led by Xiang Zhang, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, have demonstrated that a thin, flat piece of silver can produce such images, able to resolve two thin lines separated by 70 billionths of a meter.
“You put your object on one side and your image will be projected on the other side.� Dr. Zhang said.
The superlens can also preserve detail lost in conventional optics. Light is usually thought of as having undulating waves. But much closer up, light is a more jumbled mess, with the waves mixed in with more complicated evanescent waves.
The evanescent waves quickly dissipate as they travel, therefore not usually seen. A negative refraction lens actually amplified the evanescent waves, Dr. Pendry calculated, and that effect was demonstrated by Dr. Zhang’s experiment. A negative refraction could someday lead to an optical microscope that could make out tiny biological structures like individual viruses.
The main limit now is that an object has to be placed very close to the lens, within a fraction of a wavelength of light.
Another possible use would be for a DVD-type recorder. The finer focus could allow more data like high-definition movies to be packed in the same space, perhaps the entire Library of Congress on a platter the size of today’s DVD, Dr. Zhang said.
The metamaterials researchers also look for new problems to solve. “Now it’s sort of fired up our imaginations to do this cloaking thing because we realized we could actually make one using these materials.� Dr. Pendry said,
In May 2006, Dr. Pendry and Dr. Smith proposed a design that would cloak a single microwave frequency. By October, Dr. Smith’s group at Duke demonstrated a working version, although simplified and imperfect. Dr. Smith’s microwave design cannot be adapted to visible light, because the energy absorption problem becomes too great.
This year, Vladimir M. Shalaev of Purdue displayed a different design, avoiding the absorption problem. He said it would cloak visible light, albeit just a single wavelength at a time. “We can make our cloak for any of these colors but not for all of them simultaneously.� Dr. Shalaev said. “At least, it starts looking like it’s doable.�
He said he hoped to build the design, which requires tiny rods arrayed around a cylinder, in a few years. Metamaterials could also be used for other innovative devices. Dr. Shalaev suggested an ‘anticloak’ that would trap light of a certain wavelength. “That could be used as a sensing device.� he said.
Whether the cloak could be made big enough to cover a human or a large object is another question. “I’m fairly pessimistic knowing what I know now.� Dr. Smith said.
Dr. Shalaev said it would be a challenge. “I don’t know.� he said. “We hope it is possible.�
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Hi
Very interesting story about this invisibility technology! I myself am anxiously awaiting an invisibility coat to put on. 
Hi Marilyn, thanks. I already have my order placed for one myself
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